Discoid meniscus is usually seen between one and eight years of age although occasional cases have been seen under one year of age.

Kohler’s disease is a nutritional disorder of the tarsal navicular that results in an avascular necrosis. It is thought to occur as a consequence of cumulative minor traumata.

Although there are several muscular dystrophies in childhood, three types are seen with some degree of regularity: progressive muscular dystrophy; limb-girdle dystrophy; and facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy.

“Pulled elbow” is most commonly seen in children between one and five years of age. It occurs following an injury sustained in which the child’s forearmor hand is being held and the child attempts to fall away, or is lifted from the ground by the hands.

In addition to the far more common congenital muscular torticollis, there is a type of torticollis or “wryneck” that appears in the toddler to adolescent age group that is associated with either inflammatory conditions in the cervical region, traumatic lesions, tumors or neurogenic disorders.

Popliteal cysts are soft tissue masses that appear in the posterior aspect of the knee, usually in the area of the medial popliteal space.

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine combining both bending and rotation. Idiopathic scoliosis is by far the most common type of spinal deformity seen in children and adolescents.

Nearly all cases of non-physiologic bowlegs seen in the toddler to the adolescent age group can readily be identified by radiographic evaluation of the knees.

Rheumatoid arthritis in children is a systemic disorder that generally presents in one of three different patterns.

Disc space infection (discitis), is by far most commonly seen in children between the toddler and adolescent years, and is found equally in males and females.